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EC 1. Oxidoreductases

• EC 1.1 Acting on the CH-OH group of donors
• EC 1.2 Acting on the aldehyde or oxo group of donors
• EC 1.3 Acting on the CH-CH group of donors
• EC 1.4 Acting on the CH-NH₂ group of donors
• EC 1.5 Acting on the CH-NH group of donors
• EC 1.6 Acting on NADH or NADPH
• EC 1.7 Acting on other nitrogenous compounds as donors
• EC 1.8 Acting on a sulfur group of donors
• EC 1.9 Acting on a heme group of donors
• EC 1.10 Acting on diphenols and related substances as donors
• EC 1.11 Acting on a peroxide as acceptor
• EC 1.12 Acting on hydrogen as donor
• EC 1.13 Acting on single donors with incorporation of molecular oxygen (oxygenases)
• EC 1.14 Acting on paired donors, with incorporation or reduction of molecular oxygen
• EC 1.15 Acting on superoxide as acceptor
• EC 1.16 Oxidizing metal ions
• EC 1.17 Acting on CH or CH₂ groups
• EC 1.18 Acting on iron-sulfur proteins as donors
• EC 1.19 Acting on reduced flavodoxin as donor
• EC 1.20 Acting on phosphorus or arsenic in donors
• EC 1.21 Acting on X-H and Y-H to form an X-Y bond
• EC 1.97 Other oxidoreductases
• EC 1.98 Enzymes using H₂ as reductant
• EC 1.99 Other enzymes using O₂ as oxidant

EC 2. Transferases

• EC 2.1 Transferring One-Carbon Groups
• EC 2.2 Transferring Aldehyde or Ketonic Groups
• EC 2.3 Acyltransferases
• EC 2.4 Glycosyltransferases
• EC 2.5 Transferring Alkyl or Aryl Groups, Other than Methyl Groups
• EC 2.6 Transferring Nitrogenous Groups
• EC 2.7 Transferring Phosphorus-Containing Groups
• EC 2.8 Transferring Sulfur-Containing Groups
• EC 2.9 Transferring Selenium-Containing Groups

EC 3. Hydrolases

• EC 3.1 Acting on Ester Bonds
• EC 3.2 Glycosylases
• EC 3.3 Acting on Ether Bonds
• EC 3.4 Acting on peptide bonds (Peptidases)
• EC 3.5 Acting on Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds, other than Peptide Bonds
• EC 3.6 Acting on Acid Anhydrides
• EC 3.7 Acting on Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 3.8 Acting on Halide Bonds
• EC 3.9 Acting on Phosphorus-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.10 Acting on Sulfur-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 3.11 Acting on Carbon-Phosphorus Bonds
• EC 3.12 Acting on Sulfur-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 3.13 Acting on Carbon-Sulfur Bonds

EC 4. Lyases

• EC 4.1 Carbon-Carbon Lyases
• EC 4.2 Carbon-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.3 Carbon-Nitrogen Lyases
• EC 4.4 Carbon-Sulfur Lyases
• EC 4.5 Carbon-Halide Lyases
• EC 4.6 Phosphorus-Oxygen Lyases
• EC 4.99 Other Lyases

EC 5. Isomerases

• EC 5.1 Racemases and Epimerases
• EC 5.2 cis-trans-Isomerases
• EC 5.3 Intramolecular Oxidoreductases
• EC 5.4 Intramolecular Transferases
• EC 5.5 Intramolecular Lyases
• EC 5.99 Other Isomerases

EC 6. Ligases

• EC 6.1 Forming Carbon-Oxygen Bonds
• EC 6.2 Forming Carbon-Sulfur Bonds
• EC 6.3 Forming Carbon-Nitrogen Bonds
• EC 6.4 Forming Carbon-Carbon Bonds
• EC 6.5 Forming Phosphoric Ester Bonds
• EC 6.6 Forming Nitrogen—Metal Bonds

This 1978 file photo made available by Microsoft Corp. shows the 11 people who started Microsoft. Shown top row, from left, are: Steve Wood, Bob Wallace and Jim Lane; second row, Bob O’Rear, Bob Greenberg, March McDonald and Gordon Letwin; and front row, Bill Gates, Andrea Lewis, Marla Wood and Paul Allen. Right: Bill Gates.

Bill Gates said on Thursday, June 17, 2006, that he will transition from day-to-day responsibilities at the company to concentrate on the charitable work of the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation. He will continue as the company’s chairman after transferring his duties over a two-year period.

The world’s richest man Bill Gates is to end his day-to-day involvement in Microsoft in two years in order to spend more time giving his money away.

The software billionaire, who is worth an estimated US$50 billion, announced on Thursday night that he intends to “transition out” of his hands-on role by 2008, although he will remain non-executive chairman of the company.

His energy will be devoted to the Bill & Melinda Gates Foundation, which hands out grants of more than US$1 billion annually, predominantly to the fight against diseases such as polio, malaria and AIDS.

Gates, 50, set up the company in 1975 with his childhood friend Paul Allen, who quit the business six years ago. The pair steered Microsoft’s Windows operating system to its dominant position in the software world.

Gates, who receives more than 4 million emails a day, will be replaced as Microsoft’s chief software architect by Ray Ozzie, who is currently chief technical officer. Microsoft’s chief executive, Steve Ballmer, will be responsible for all day-to-day operations and for strategy.

“Bill and I are confident we’ve got a great team that can step up to fill his shoes and drive Microsoft innovation forward without missing a beat,” said Ballmer.

Ozzie and Ballmer will begin working together on all software technical architecture in order to achieve what Gates called a “smooth transition.”

At the same time, Microsoft’s chief technical officer, Craig Mundie, will take up the title of chief research and strategy officer and will work with Gates in those areas.

Gates said: “I remain fully committed and full-time at Microsoft until June 2008 and will be working side by side with Ray and Craig to ensure that a smooth transition occurs.”

Although frequently attacked by business rivals for his aggressive tactics towards competitors, Gates’ re-invention as a benefactor has won him many friends. He received an honorary knighthood from the Queen last year and alongside Bono, Gates and his wife were named as Time magazine’s “persons of the year” in 2005 for making global debt reduction “sexy.”

His foundation has assets of US$29.5 billion. Some of the money funds scholarships and computers for disadvantaged students in the United States but the lion’s share goes to healthcare in developing countries.

The charity provides 90 per cent of the global funding for the eradication of polio. It has made big contributions to international efforts to develop and administer vaccines for diphtheria, whooping cough and tuberculosis.

Famed for his drab dress sense, monotone voice and thick glasses, Bill Gates is an unlikely companion for the U2 frontman, Bono. Yet the pair have forged a partnership, fronting campaigns for governments to step up aid to developing countries.

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Paul Ehrlich (1854-1915): Founder of Chemotherapy 

AMONG MEDICAL scientists of his generation, Ehrlich was probably the most original and successful.

The fruitfulness of his concepts initiated advances in all fields of biomedical research. Haematology became a recognised discipline through his pioneering studies of dye reactions on red and white blood cells.

Paul Ehrlich was born on March 14, 1854 in a comfortable household in a country town, Strehlen, near Breslau, Germany. He was the only son and fourth child of a respected Jewish distiller and innkeeper.

Fascination for chemistry

At the age of 10, he went to the St. Maria Gymnasium in Breslau. After matriculating in 1872, he studied for his Physikum at Strasbourg, which largely determined the course of his career.

He became fascinated with the subject of chemistry and began making excellent histological preparation with his own modifications of aniline dyes. Ehrlich studied medicine at the Universities of Breslau, Strasbourg, and Leipzig, from where he graduated in 1878.

While still a student, he began investigations on the aniline dyes. With their aid, he discovered all the different types of white blood corpuscles.

Ehrlich was appointed, on his graduation, as chief assistant to the renowned physician Friedrich von Frerichs at the Charity Hospital in Berlin.

He gained lasting insights into diagnostic and therapeutic problems. When Frerichs died suddenly in 1885, he found his researches impeded, causing a disturbance in his programme of work.

In 1888, discovering tubercle bacilli in his sputum, he ended a decade of fruitful association with the clinic and travelled with his young wife to Egypt where he spent a year.

In 1889, he returned to Berlin apparently cured of pulmonary tuberculosis by Koch’s newly discovered tuberculin treatment, and never had a recurrence.

Ehrlich then set up a small private laboratory and launched a series of fundamental studies on immunity that engaged his attention for many years. He worked for more than three years without salary at the newly founded Institute for Infectious Diseases of which Robert Koch (1843-1910) had become director.

Eventually, this institute was affiliated in 1906 to the Georg Speyer Institute for Chemotherapy; he was the director of these establishments till his death (August 20, 1915).

On the founding of the University of Frankfurt, he was appointed a professor (1914). Ehrlich explored the avidity of living tissues for certain dyes. In a remarkable monograph (1885), he reported his investigations into the distribution of oxygen in animal tissues and organs.

Using two vital staining dyes, alizarin blue and indophenols blue, he demonstrated that while living protoplasm in general has potent reducing properties, bodily organs are classifiable according to their oxygen acidity.

He enunciated the fundamental concept underlying his work: chemical affinities govern all biological processes.

Plant protein studies

Koch’s dedication to problems of infection, his own experiences with tuberculin treatment and Emil von Behruig’s discoveries of diphtheria and tetanus antitoxins led Ehrlich to investigate bacterial toxins and antitoxins by methods comparable with those employed in his plant protein studies.

At the ceremonial opening of the Georg Speyer Institute (September 1906) he remarked prophetically about the creation of substances `in the chemist’s retort’ that would be able to exert their full action exclusively on the parasite harboured within the organism and would represent `magic bullets’ which seek their target of their own accord.

This culminated in his announcement before the Congress for Internal Medicine at Wiesbaden (April 1910) that a synthetic arsenical compound, which he named `salvarsan’ had shown curative properties in rabbit syphilis and also in clinical trials.

After successive modifications of this compound, it was first used in the treatment of human syphilis in 1911. The science of chemotherapy was born.

Secret of success

Ehrlich harnessed brilliant talents. In addition, he possessed the faculty of stereognostically visualising benzene rings and structural chemical formals; unique virtuosity in `test-tube chemistry’; the capacity to direct several investigators simultaneously, through a system of daily written instructions; and the foresight to abandon paths that were unpromising.

Honours

In 1887 he received the Tiedemann Prize of the Senckenberg Naturforschende Gesellschaft at Frankfurt/Main, in 1906 the Prize of Honour at the XVth International Congress of Medicine at Lisbon, in 1911 the Liebig Medal of the German Chemical Society, and in 1914 the Cameron Prize of Edinburgh. In 1908 he shared with Metchnikoff the highest scientific distinction, the Nobel Prize.

Many honours came his way: Nobel Prize for Medicine (1908), the Prussian Great Gold Medal for Science (1903), the Liebig Medal (1911), the Freedom of the city Frankfurt (1912), the title Excellenz (1911); the Paul Ehrlich Prize is awarded by the Paul Ehrlich Institute as a living memorial to him.

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2. Place the SK2 file in the Templates folder that resides within the ACD/ChemSketch folder you installed to.

3. Start up ChemSketch, and File/Open the new template.

4. In Structure Mode, select Templates/Save User Template.

5. Type in the name you would like to call the template and use Browse to get the full name of the file. For example, “Vitamins” and “C:\ACDFREE\Templates\Vitamins.sk2″.

6. Click OK. 26 Mbyte

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